RESUMO
The study of host associations of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) provides valuable information to assist in our understanding of a variety of related issues, from their life-history to the entomological surveillance of pathogens. In this study, we identified and characterized mosquito blood meals from both urban and forested areas in the city of Paranaguá, state of Paraná, Brazil, by analyzing the amplification of host DNA ingested by mosquitoes under different storage conditions and digestion levels. Host DNA preservation was evaluated in fresh blood meals according to storage duration (30 to 180 days) and temperature (-20°C / -80°C) and, in digested blood, according the degree of digestion classified on the Sella scale. Molecular analysis of blood meals was based on DNA extraction and amplification of a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene. We determined that, up to180 days of storage, the evaluated temperatures did not influence the preservation of fresh blood meals DNA, whereas the amplification success was increasingly reduced over the course of the digestion process. The species Anopheles cruzii, Aedes fluviatilis, Aedes scapularis, Psorophora ferox, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex mollis, and Culex intrincatus, together with specimens representing four subgenera and one genus of Culicidae [Ae. (Ochlerotatus), Cx. (Culex), Cx. (Melanoconion), Cx. (Microculex), and Limatus, respectively] had their blood meals identified. Their diverse host use was evidenced by the identification of 19 species of vertebrate host, namely two amphibians, three mammals and 14 birds. Birds were the most commonly identified host in blood meals. These results not only show the diversity of mosquito hosts, but also underscore the challenges involved in monitoring arboviruses of public health importance, given potential combinations of host use for each mosquito species.
Assuntos
Culicidae/genética , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Especificidade de Hospedeiro/genética , Aedes/genética , Aedes/metabolismo , Aedes/virologia , Animais , Anopheles/genética , Anopheles/metabolismo , Anopheles/virologia , Aves/sangue , Brasil , Cidades , Culex/genética , Culex/metabolismo , Culex/virologia , Culicidae/metabolismo , Ecossistema , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/metabolismo , Comportamento Alimentar , Florestas , Humanos , Mamíferos/sangue , Refeições , Répteis/sangue , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodosRESUMO
Avaliou-se neste estudo o efeito de um programa em saúde bucal, implantado em uma escola pública de Porto Velho, em relação à condição gengival de crianças de 6 a 8 anos de idade (7 mais ou menos 0,32). O programa instituído foi composto por palestras, cartilhas e higiene bucal supervisionada para um total de 67 crianças. Durante 3 meses consecutivos os participantes realizaram higiene bucal supervisionada por 2 semanas, intercaladas por uma semana de palestras. Assim, o índice de higiene oral (O' Leary, 1972) e o índice gengival (PINTO, 2000) foram avaliados na fase pré-experimental (tempo zero), aos 3 (imediatamente ao final do programa instituído) e aos 6 meses do estudo (sem supervisão direta). Nos 3 tempos avaliados os indivíduos apresentaram respectivamente índice de higiene oral, de 95,9% (mais ou menos 8,84); 90,05% (mais ou menos 12,66%) e 96,76% (mais ou menos 4,46) e índice gengival de 6,39% (mais ou menos 8,08); 3,35% (mais ou menos 3,88) e 6,86% (mais ou menos 5,37). Com base nos resultados observados concluímos que o programa foi efetivo durante o período de acompanhamento (3 meses), observando uma redução significativa dos índices de higiene oral e gengival quando comparados aos dados iniciais e finais. Em contrapartida, houve um aumento desses índices após a interrupção do programa, indicando assim a necessidade de atenção continuada quando da execução de programas em saúde bucal.
The effect of an oral health program relate to gingival conditions in 67 (1 grade children of the fundamental teaching) from 06 to 08 years of age (mean age 7 mais ou menos 0,32) from a public school in Porto Velho - RO was clinically evaluated. As part of the program we included conferences, basic dental literature and supervised oral hygiene mthods. We evaluated the oral hygiene index (O'Leary, 1972) and gingival index (PINTO, 2000) at baseline (To), 3 months (T1) and also at 6 months (T2). Our results showed that in these 3 experimental time points, individuals who participated in this study presented 95.9% (mais ou menos 8.84); 90.05% (mais ou menos 12.66%); 96.76% (mais ou menos 4.46) oral hygiene index and 6.39% (mais ou menos 8.08); 3.35% (mais ou menos 3.88) e 6.86% (mais ou menos 5.37) gingival index respectively. We concluded that this oral health program was an effective one during the children's follow up period, it was also observed significant reduction in both oral hygiene index as well as gingival index compared to the and t2, however, these indexes levels were increased after the interruption of the program.
